Iran, In the second half of the 19th century and the early 20th century, under the rule of the Qajar dynasty, was an economically underdeveloped agrarian country in which feudal relations dominated. The central government and state institutions were weak. The British and Russian Empires exercised strong economic and political influence over the Iranian government. Iran’s strategic geographical position turned it into one of the main arenas of the geopolitical rivalry between these two empires - known as the “Great Game.” Foreign intervention, diplomatic pressure, and economic concessions obtained from the shah’s government, significantly limited the country’s sovereignty.

The article analyzes the main directions, geographical arena, and mechanisms of the “Great Game” in the second half of the 19th century, as well as Iran’s position and role in this rivalry. It also examines the issues such as the country’s internal socio-economic situation, financial dependence, political and administrative weakness, and the growing influence of foreign capital within the framework of the “Great Game.” The author further explores the mechanisms used by Britain and Russia to expand their spheres of influence and gain strategic and economic advantages in Iran, and provides information on the 1907 Anglo-Russian Agreement - considered the end of the “Great Game”—and its consequences for both Iran and the international relations system.