The presented article systematically analyzes, based on archaeological materials, the development and evolution of various types of weapons in Azerbaijan from the Stone Age to the Bronze and Early Iron Ages. The ancient military history of Azerbaijan, alongside local cultural development, serves as an important source for studying the geopolitical and socio-cultural relations of the region. Research in this direction highlights the relevance of studying and generalizing Azerbaijan's military history, and frames the issue within a concrete-historical aspect of Azerbaijani historiography. The aim of the research is to identify the technological and functional development stages of weapons in the territories of Azerbaijan during the Stone Age, and to explain their influence on military art, defense mechanisms, and community structure. The article provides detailed information about the manufacturing of weapons from wood, stone, animal bones, and horns, as well as the emergence of other types of weapons invented by humans - such as long, sharp-pointed spears, which later evolved into lances, javelins, and eventually bows and arrows - during the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods (Middle and New Stone Ages). It also discusses the gradual replacement of stone weapons with metal ones. Furthermore, the article explores the role of weapons in the development of various defense strategies in ancient Azerbaijan in depth. As a scientific innovation, the military history of Azerbaijan is presented from a new perspective within a regional military-cultural context. Additionally, the research offers a comprehensive approach to the role of weapons in both technological advancement and in social organization and battle strategies, based on archaeological evidence and rock carvings. This study provides a methodological contribution to the understanding of ancient military-cultural heritage and a practical contribution to the deep exploration of the historical roots of modern military science.